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The Downfall Of Roaring Dragon Hotel - 774 Words

The Roaring Dragon Hotel Ravi Kolawar Sullivan University MGT 510 Executive Summary This case study describes the downfall of Roaring Dragon Hotel (RDH) when it handed over to Hotel International (HI), is a well known for its brand name and that failed to make the Roaring Dragon Hotel become a five star hotel due to lack of communication and some other reasons(Grainger, 2008). Failed to maintain good relationship with employees, customers and ignore to respect the culture led the RDH to fail in business (Grainger, 2008). Introduction: Roaring Dragon Hotel Roaring Dragon Hotel (RDH) was a three star hotel in South-West China since 1950 (Grainger,2008). Grainger(2008) observed that, RDH is a State owned enterprise(SOE) in which employees are appointed on the strength of their guanxi connections. According to Drucker (1997), the top priority for success in the current business environment is to harness. The intelligence and spirit of people at all levels of an organization to continually build and share knowledge. The management of RDH was changed to Hotel International to make the RDH a five star hotel after defame. Employees of RDH felt proud to work for SOE and was admired by their friends and relatives. Background: Improving the hotel’s quality and reputation RDH had a good reputation in early 1690 s. It went through many changes for surviving in Competitive world. ChangesShow MoreRelatedRoaring Dragon Hotel Proposal1323 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication Problems and Solutions: Roaring Dragon Hotel Executive Summary This proposal draws the clear picture of the reasons behind the downfall of the very popular ancient hospitality organization with the 60 years of glorious history of The Roaring Dragon Hotel (RDH). This proposal helps to find out the factor which causes the RDH to lose all the customer popularity and decrease the revenue in the competitive market. The main concerning points behind this miserable downfall are the cultural conflictsRead MoreA Report On The Roaring Dragon Hotel1443 Words   |  6 PagesSUMMARY This proposal aids to contribute a path to a business and assists the business to remain intact in the market place through giving a paint of a business which despite its popularity faced a downfall after the new weaker management could not improve the profit as well as the quality standards of the hotel. Additionally, it concentrates that business should be built with smart and good work of management instead of influential connections and relations. Recommendations have been provided in the proposalsRead MoreRoaring Dragon Hotel : Good Management Qualities1354 Words   |  6 Pages Managerial Communication Skills Roaring Dragon Hotel: Good Management Qualities Ranjith Anchuri (Student Id: ranchu8018) Sullivan University Executive Summary This proposal explains a thorough analysis on the good management qualities of organization. Major issue in the organization was the conflicts between management and their employees, which can be solved to get better performanceRead MoreA Brief Note On The Roaring Dragon Hotel1517 Words   |  7 Pages The Roaring Dragon Hotel An effective Study to Improve Intercultural Communications Tejaswi Ananth Suryadevara Sullivan University Managerial Communication Skills (MGT 510) Executive Summary This proposition is a framework for building viable interchanges and having social mindfulness among intercultural gatherings. As, on account of the Roaring Dragon Hotel absence of successful intercultural correspondence is distinguished as one of the prime explanations behind it to end

A by John Updike †Short Essay Free Essays

Write a critical commentary on John Updike’s â€Å"A P† John Updike’s â€Å"A is written during the early 1960’s in America. The short story is written in a first person narrative of Sammy, who is a young employee at a store. The tone of the story is direct and sounds as if one were partaking in a conversation with Sammy himself. We will write a custom essay sample on A by John Updike – Short Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The story, thus, is more personal. The reader follows Sammy’s train of thought as he makes observations of events that happen that lead up to climax of him quitting his job. Sammy can be seen as one who does not stand out, he is lost amongst the masses. He has an ordinary job, with ordinary co-workers at an ordinary store. This is how the middleclass, or working-class, is seen, especially during that time. When Sammy first sees the three girls that walk into the store with their bathing costumes on in the bread aisle, the reader notices how carefully Sammy watches them. He begins his descriptions of the first two girls and dismisses them for the lack of attraction. He then focuses, and seems to be transfixed, on the third girl whom he deems the leader and names her â€Å"Queenie†. One immediately notices that Sammy finds a certain freedom in her beauty. The fact that she is barefoot and barely clothed defies the normal code of attire in a shop and so creates a freedom. One could say that he is interested in her for the fact that she does stand out, that she is not seen as ordinary, unlike him. In a sense, Sammy has a rather immature view of the world. When he hears that â€Å"Queenie† has been sent to the shop simply to buy a jar of herring snacks for her mother, Sammy immediately pictures a party of rich and sophisticated people. His idea of social statuses and class distinctions, could be said, are misguided. He has the idea that money can lead to freedom, and so climbing the social ladder helps gain that goal. When Lengel (the manager) approaches the girls and reproaches â€Å"Queenie† for her lack of clothing Sammy immediately feels the need to rise to the title of a hero. It is as though he now sees â€Å"Queenie†, the leader, change into a damsel in distress, and feels the need to save her from the words of Lengel. It is almost as though by ‘saving’ â€Å"Queenie† he will have a chance at climbing the social ladder that will lead to his success and freedom. One could also say that Sammy is reaching for individuality, to not simply be an ordinary employee, but be able to become someone that stands out as easily as â€Å"Queenie†. Sammy grasps at the romantic idea of a hero and quits his job, yearning to join the girls. However, the girls walk out the store and Sammy is left to talk to Lengel who states that Sammy wouldn’t want to do this to his mom and dad. Sammy is determined to quit. He realises that quitting is a gesture made that has to be followed through. As he stands outside the store, the romantic hero has died within him. The girls are gone and he realises the situation he has put himself in and the financial straits he has put his parents in. Updike has given the reader a glance into a situation that changed Sammy’s life for good. It emphasises how choices can change a person’s life and how at that stage can seem insignificant. Updike shows the reader how complex life decisions can be. Bibliography A by John Updike: The World’s Greatest Short Stories, edited by James Daley, Dover Publications How to cite A by John Updike – Short Essay, Essay examples

Welding free essay sample

Swarm Kyoto for his contribution in stimulating suggestions, comments and encouragement to help us to coordinate this research study especially in writing this report. Without his help, this report entitled Production Process of Very Large Crude Carrier (BLOC) cannot be completed. Furthermore, we would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation to the staff of Premenstrual Sultanas Zanzibar, who gave fully assistant and necessary materials to complete this task. Special thanks go to our team mate members who give their fully ointment and efforts in achieving the goal in this research.Last but not least, many thanks go to friends who give an excellent cooperation and supported us to complete this research study. ABSTRACT Malachite very large crude oil carriers (Blocs; crude oil tankers with deadweight of over 200,000 metric tons) are required to comply with a new set of Common Structural Rules (Cars). They must also have the maximum cargo tank capacity and deadweight, while meeting the principal dimensions restrictions required sailing through the Strait of Malice, including overall length, breadth, draught, and gross tonnage. This study is carried out to makes an attempt to know about the detailed information of BLOC. Besides, this study also conducted to view the production process of the BLOC starting from design process until delivery to the ship owner. Detailed process in the construction of this ship is discussed and analyze in this report. The method used to collect information about this report is mainly from the internet source, books, journal and article. From this study, we get to know about the rules and regulation applied in the construction of Blocs hull and tanker arrangements. The tanker has its specialized forms for carriage of crude oil, refined oil products, liquefied gases and many more. And lastly but not least, the passenger vessel and it examples are cruise liner and some ferries. In this report, we are focusing on tanker; more precisely is Very Large Crude Carrier (BLOC) or known as Malachite BLOC. In general, tanker is used to carry bulk liquid cargoes. Many other liquids are carried in tanker such as chemicals, liquefied petroleum gas, liquefied natural gas and many more, and based on the special constructed vessel.The characteristic of tanker has cargo-carrying section that split into individual tanks by longitudinal and transverse bulkheads. The cargo is discharged by cargo pumps fitted in one or more pump rooms either at the end of tanks and sometimes in the middle. Each tank has its own suction arrangement which connects to the pumps and a network of piping discharges the cargo to the deck from where it is pumped ashore. The ballast tank is used for balancing the tanker when fill or emptying the tanks where the operation was held.The accommodation and the machinery spaces are located at stern part of the tankers. BLOC can accommodate capacities over 250,000 AWT. This ship can transport 2,000,000 barrels (320,000 mm) of oil/318 000 metric tons. 1. 1 Purposes of this Study This study makes an attempt to know the information about crude oil airier which in this case, focusing on Very Large Crude Carrier (BLOC). The study also covering about the production process of BLOC. The process such as design, assembly, outfitting, sea trial and launching are all analyze and discuss into detail information. . Significance of the Study Despite most of people know crude oil tanker, they do not know in detail about the construction process and other detailed information about the oil tanker especially BLOC. This studs research will help to increase others information about VI-C also the regulation applied related to the production Of ship. 1. Classes of crude oil tanker Crude oil tanker divided into several classes based on their size. Basically the classes are Panama, Fairfax, Suez-Max, LLC and lastly BLOC which is will be focusing on in this report.Panama is the largest size crude oil tanker that can travel through the Panama Canal which is up to 70000 AWT. Fairfax is the crude oil tanker which uses the Average Freight Rate Assessment method to calculate the cost of transportation which is 70000 to 120000 AWT. Assumes is the largest crude oil tanker that can travel through the Suez Canal while loaded with 120000 to 200000 AWT. The main focus whish is Very Large Crude Carrier (BLOC) or known as Malachite because it is the largest size crude Oil carrier that can sail through Strait Of Malice. Figure 1: Size comparison of crude oil carrier (Source from: people. Foster. Deed) 1. Basic dimensions of VI_C Minimum Average Maximum Engel (feet) 1037 1091 1092 Beam (feet) 184 193 196 Draft (feet) 62 71 74 AWT 258,096 300,1 18 31 9,430 Capacity (barrels) 1 , 920,000 2,221 ,oho CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. Story Early 1850, oil industry start to develop bathe beginning of oil export from upper Burma, then a British colony. This exploitation started by James Young manufacture of paraffin. The oil was moved in earthenware vessels to the river bank where it was then poured into boat holds for transportation to Britain.In 1 sass, Pennsylvania oil fields became a major supplier of oil, therefore many transportation occur. Break-bulk boats and barges were originally used to transport Pennsylvania oil but the problem occur with the container used which is wooden barrels. First is with the weight which the barrel itself represent 20% of the total weight, other problems is the expense, their tendency to leak and the one time use only. The early design was in 1863 on Englands River Tone which was two sail- driven tankers. These were followed in 1 873 by the first oil-tanker steamer, the Fatherland which was built by Palmer Shipbuilding and Iron Company.In 1871, the Pennsylvania oil fields were making limited use of oil tank barges and cylindrical railroad tank-cars similar to those in use today. Moreover due to the end of the second World War, the growth of in size of ocean-going vessel which the average AWT increase from 1500 tones to about 12,000 tones. In the modern era from 1877 to 1885, modern oil tanker were developed. Ludwig Nobel was a pioneer in the development of early oil tanker which his first experimented with carrying oil in bulk on single-hulled barges. Primary concern was to keep the cargo fume away from the engine room to avoid fire and also other challenges included allowing for the cargo to expand and contract due to temperature changes, and providing a method to ventilate the tanks. The first oil tanker to be success was the Zoroaster which carried its 242 long tons of kerosene cargo in two iron tanks joined by pipes. One tank was forward of amidships and other was aft. The ship had a length overall of 1 84 et (56 m), a beam of 27 feet (8. 2 m), and a draft of 9 feet (2. 7 m). In 1883, British engineer Colonel Henry F. Swan designed a set of three Nobel Tankers instead of one or t. o large holds,Swans design used several holds which spanned the width, or beam, of the ship. These holds were further subdivided into port and starboard sections by a longitudinal bulkhead. This design had stability problems which caused by the free surface effect in the early designs, but by dividing the ships storage space into smaller tanks help in eliminated this effect. This approach almost universal today which commonly used in signing tankers. The idea designed by Swan was adapted and alter into more efficient way, it was the best practices to create the prototype for all subsequent vessels of the type.Gel;cuff was first dedicated steam-driven ocean-going tanker in the world and was the first ship in which oil could be pumped directly into the vessel hull instead of being loaded in barrels or drums. It also first tanker with a horizontal bulkhead, featured with valve operative from the deck, cargo main piping, a vapor line, cofferdams for added safety, and the ability to fill a ballast tank with seawater when empty of cargo. Until 1 956, tankers were designed to be able to navigate the Suez Canal. Due to Suez Crisis of 1 956, size restriction became much less of a priority after the closing of the canal.Therefore, the bigger the tanker the more the efficiency of transport. More large tanker were built to fulfill this concept. In 19955 the worlds largest supertanker was 30,708 GRIT and 47,500 LAT AWT, the AS Sports Anarchic launched that year by Vickers Armstrong Shipbuilders Ltd. In 1 958, CSS shipping magnate Daniel K. Ludwig broke the record of 1 00,000 long tons of heavy displacement. Lastly, the world s largest supertanker was built in 979 at the Pompom shipyard by Summits Heavy Industries, Ltd. As the Seesaws Giant. This ship was built with a capacity of 564,763 AWT, a length overall of 458. 5 meters (1 ,504. 1 Ft) and a draft of 24. 61 1 meters (80. 74 Ft). It had 46 tanks, 31 ,541 square meters (339,500 sq Ft) of deck, and at her full load draft, could not navigate the English Channel. 2. 1 Outline of Malachite BLOC When transporting crude oil, the tanker sail about 6500 miles (about 12000km) from Persian Gulf; the world largest supplier of oil resources to the Far East region including Japan through the Strait of Malice to the East China Sea. Strait Malice, which is located between Malay Peninsula and the island of Sumatra is the hardest part of the route.The Strait of Malice is about 900 km long and 70 to 250 km wide with the average 25 m of water depth. Because it is very refer and some of the places with shallow water, together with the narrow and shallow watercourse with few kilometers wide; these are difficult for large ship to pass through. Malachite BLOC is a new name given to the largest tanker that can still safely sail through the Strait of Malice. Over the time, this largest tanker has increased due to improvement in the accuracy Of water depth measurement. In the past, BLOC only limited to 250000 metric tones,.However, the latest Blocs are almost 300000 metric tones. Figure 2: Markers Nautilus; Malachite BLOC type (Source from: www. Backtrackers. Com) 2. The Regulatory Process The rules and regulations applied in design and construction Of Oil tankers are primarily developed by the IMO and the classification societies. IMO is an agency of the United Nations, charged with developing a regulatory framework that promotes maritime safety and environmental protection. Most of Imps regulations related to tanker design and construction are included in the SOLAR and MARMOT.IMO focus on the arrangement and outfitting of the vessel as it pertains to safety and environmental performance. This regulation establishes performance standards for structural integrity in the intact and damage condition over the design life of the vessel, and outlines the process for auditing the rules of organizations compliance with the goal-based standards. Classification societies develop technical rules and guides for the design and construction of ship, perform plan review to confirm that the design is in conformance with their rules, and survey vessels during c onstruction and trials.

Five Ways to Help You Write Your Research Paper 3X Faster

Get a strong comprehension of essential sentence structure, style, and accentuation. Language, style, and accentuation are unimaginably essential if you need your examination to be comprehended and considered valuable. Before writing research, ensure you have a firm comprehension of basic punctuation. Syntax nuts and bolts incorporate verb and subject understanding, legitimate article and pronoun utilization, and very much framed sentence structures. Ensure you know the correct uses for the most widely recognized types of accentuation. Be aware of your comma use and know when a period is required. At long last, in scholarly paper composing, a voice is imperative. Attempt to utilize the dynamic sound rather than the uninvolved at whatever point conceivable (e.g., this examination found rather than this investigation found it). This will make the tone of your article more grounded. Guarantee your dialect is succinct. Stay away from changing words that dont add anything to the sentence and pointless tedium that reduces your contention. Comprehend the contention and dissect the proof. During the time spent composition a scholarly article, you ought to dependably have your primary contention at the top of the priority list. While it may entice, go thinking about something irrelevant about some fascinating side note to your subject, doing as such can make your composition less brief. Continuously question any proof you incorporate into your article; ask yourself, Does this straightforwardly bolster my proposition? If the appropriate response is no, at that point that proof ought to most likely be rejected. When you are assessing evidence, be necessary and exhaustive. You need to utilize the most grounded research to back up your postulation. All that you incorporate ought to have a consistent association with your subject and your contention. Know how to compose an appropriate end that backings your examination. A standout amongst the most ignored territories of scholarly research composing is the end. Your decision is the thing that ties all your research together to demonstrate your theory. It ought not to be a repetition of your presentation or a reorder of your proposal itself. A legitimate end rapidly diagrams the critical proof examined in the body of an article and binds explicitly it to the postulation to indicate how this proof demonstrates or negates the primary contention of ones research. There have been endless incredible articles composed, just to be crashed by ambiguous, pitifully worded ends. Try not to give your next article a chance to be one of those. Presently, a considerable lot of us have been there and done that with MS Word or LaTeX — the binary options in contrast to any individual who needs to begin composing their research. At that point, why a composition stage for research? Or on the other hand more particularly, how we at Typeset, encourage understudies and analysts spare over 60% of the time typically spent in composing and arranging their research? Typeset — Simplifying research paper writing Composing Guide So you chose to compose a paper for a diary, suppose IEEE Internet Computing. Presently where do you begin? What areas should be formed? Also, more vitally, what are the predetermined rules for every one of the segments? You can either visit IEEE site and experience a 100 pages manual to comprehend the rules. Or then again you can begin with the IEEE Internet Computing format on Typeset. Typesets savvy formats enable you to begin rapidly with your examination paper. Typeset gives you accurate, logical data as you compose, so you dont need to continue taking a gander at 100 pages guides for data. Logical articulations, tables, pictures, references and so forth Including a condition, Typeset style! Typeset enables you to make any logical articulation comprehensible, in minutes. No more modules, not anymore cross stage issues! You can likewise include pictures, tables, references, etc. — whatever you have to compose your examination adequately. The typeset manager gives you great devices to construct your research paper extremely snappy. Utilize the correct vocabulary. Comprehend what the words you are utilizing mean. How you utilize dialect is imperative, particularly in scholarly research composing. When composing an academic discussion, recollect that you are attempting to induce others that you are a specialist who can make a smart contention. Utilizing large words to sound keen frequently results on the contrary impact—it is anything but painful to identify when somebody is overcompensating in their composition. On the off chance that you arent sure of the real importance of a word, you hazard utilizing it mistakenly. Employing dark dialect can likewise detract from the clarity of your contention—you ought to consider this before you haul out that thesaurus to change that consummately great word to something unique. Mechanized Formatting So youve completed all segments, including pictures, tables, conditions and even referred to references. Presently, you need to get everything arranged for the diary directions. Definitely, that part we keep for last. Whats more, on numerous events, it takes additional time than we like! Look no further, and your fantasy has come true — introducing Automated Formatting. References requesting and arranging Have you known about a single tick referring to? You need to attempt it yourself to feel the enchantment! Spotlight on merely composing your examination All the diarys tenets and rules are naturally connected on your substance in a tick. The record is presently all prepared for accommodation! 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Writing for Your Audience

Writing for Your Audience Writing for Your Audience Writing for Your Audience By Erin Im an editor and moderator at Toasted Cheese, a literary magazine and writing community. Recently, one of our members posted a question that I thought was worth addressing here. Hed turned in a college paper, and his professor told him he needed to create more distance from the reader. It all comes down, I think, to keeping your intended audience in mind. In my college writing class, I teach my students to adjust their style according to the assignment. In a personal narrative, for example, an informal tone is welcome. In a research paper, however, that same informal tone can work against the writer. Here are a few general tips: Reserve first person for informal writing like personal narratives, blogs, editorials and columns, and of course, fiction. Avoid addressing the reader (you) and speaking for the reader (we/us), except in informal writing. Both practices run the risk of alienating the reader. Avoid contractions and slang. Ive actually had students who have used curse words and colloquial expressions (bros before hos) in papers theyve turned in to me! Unless it serves a clear purpose, its not going to impress anyone. Be specific, and dont include unsubstantiated claims in formal papers. Research papers need evidence and quotations to back up the authors thesis. Before you begin any piece of writing, ask yourself three questions: What is my purpose? (What do I hope to accomplish with this piece?) Who is my audience? (Who am I writing this for?) And finally, what is the appropriate tone for the writing Im doing? (Formal? Informal? Humorous? Serious?) If you can answer those questions, youll be well on your way to writing appropriately for your audience. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Slang Terms for Money75 Synonyms for â€Å"Talk†Types of Plots

Learning Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Learning Journal - Essay Example It helps us to build value oriented interpersonal relationship while applying innovative strategies to adept on demand of the circumstances. Such experience indeed has constructive role in an organization. Precisely, developing a willingness and ability to engage in self-reflection, is a critical leadership skill. The cult of leadership include using decision-making structures such as co-operative ventures, collegiality, consensus are the true traits of applied democracy. Leadership, a critical management skill, is the ability to motivate a group of people toward a common goal. Leadership is about behavior first, skills second. Good leaders are followed chiefly because people trust and respect them, rather than the skills they possess. Leadership relies on management skills too, but more so on qualities such as integrity, honesty, humility, courage, commitment, sincerity, passion, confidence, positivity, wisdom, determination, compassion and sensitivity. Today ethical leadership is more important than ever. The world is more transparent and connected than it has ever been. Media and the public scrutinize the actions and philosophies of organizations as never before. This coincides with massively increased awareness and interest among people everywhere in corporate responsibility. A constant growing leader plan carefully, with their people where appropriate, and work to achieve the set aims. At times, they may have to redefine or develop their own new aims and priorities. They need to set and agree clear standards. Further, they need to ensure look after people and that communications and relationships are good. Apart from self-growth every accomplished leaders select good people and help them to develop and always support people while they strive to improve and take on extra tasks. Good leadership principles must cascade down through the whole organization. This means that if leaders are leading a large organization they must check that the processes for managing, communicating and developing people are in place and working properly. Communication is critical that emphasis on to listen, consult, involve, and explain why as well as what needs to be done. LEADERS BUILDS THE TRUST OF CREDIBILITY James Macgregor Burns introduced a normative element known as an effective Burnsian leader will unite followers in a shared vision that will improve an organization and society. Burns calls leadership that delivers "true" value, integrity, and trust transformational leadership. Thus, transformational leadership requires an evaluation of quality, independent of the market demand that exhibits in the number of followers. If we seek one single most important behavior that will rapidly earn respect and trust among the people, then we need to give our people the credit for the achievements and successes. No good leader takes the credit himself. He must however take the blame and accept responsibility for any failings or mistakes that his people make. In any case, if there is failure, their failing is his responsibility - true

A PERSPECTIVE OF SKILLS NEEDED BY MODERN PROJECT MANAGER TO AVOID Dissertation

A PERSPECTIVE OF SKILLS NEEDED BY MODERN PROJECT MANAGER TO AVOID DELAY PENALTIES IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS - Dissertation Example They face a number of challenges that revolve around construction issues such as time constraints, workforce considerations, safety and continually shifting nature of work. They also face non construction related challenges such as government regulations, legal issues, socio-political pressures and environmental concerns. It is thus important to find out how we can raise the efficiency of project managers to enable them in managing projects effectively and avoiding delays in the implementation of the project plan and in turn avoiding delay penalties. This research thus sets out to identify the skills lacking in project managers that result in failure to avoid delays in construction projects. The research question is thus – What are the skills needed by modern day project managers to avoid delay penalties in construction projects? The findings of this study will help in providing an insight into the skills needed by project managers to avoid delay penalties in construction proj ects. The research involved a questionnaire survey of 100 project managers in Kuwait. The survey findings showed that lack of experience, leadership skills, project planning skills, communication skills and knowledge related to contracts and project management are the major skills lacking in project managers. This calls for a more integrated approach towards developing their skills. Recommendations have been discussed. The research suffers from small sample size, lack of specificity to Kuwait, and bias due to no tests of significance. Acknowledgment I would like to thank everyone who gave me a hand to accomplish this research, and many thanks to my academic mentor – Mr. Tony Phillips. I would like to express my deep gratitude to all those who have provided support, allowed me to quote their remarks and assisted in editing, proofreading and design. This research is the epitome of great efforts exerted to bring about such fruitful output. Last but not least, I appreciate and no t to forget the great help and the full support I received from my parents and my wife. Table of Contents List of Figures 7 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 8 Chapter 1 9 Introduction 9 1.1. Status of the Construction Industry in Kuwait 9 1.2. Construction Delays 13 1.3. Challenges of Construction Projects 13 1.4 Problem Statement 15 1.5. Aim and Objective of the Research 16 1.6. Rationale and Need for the Study 17 1.7. Significance of the Study 18 Chapter 2 20 Literature Review 20 2.1. Project Managers – Skills and Characteristics 20 2.2. Complexities of Project Management in the Construction Industry 24 2.3. Challenges Faced by Construction Project Managers 37 2.4. Research on Causes of Delays in Construction Projects 41 Chapter 3 46 Research Methodology 46 3.1. Type and Design of Research 46 3.2. Data Collection Methods 47 3.3. Analysis Methods 51 3.4. Ethics 52 3.5. Relevance of this Research to Project Management in Kuwait 53 3.6. Justification for Chosen Research Meth od 53 Chapter 4 55 Analysis of Data 55 4.1. Demographics, Education and Training 56 4.2. Understanding of Project Management 58 4.3. Holding Consultants Responsible for Penalties and Contractors for Delays 58 4.4. Knowledge Related Aspects 60 4.5. Skills that are Lacking 62 4.6. Problems of

How Can Christianity Establish its Place in a Chinese Culture Research Paper

How Can Christianity Establish its Place in a Chinese Culture - Research Paper Example The Christian groups consisted of Protestants known as Ji du jiao and Catholics who were better known as Tian Zhu jiao of Lord of Heavenly Religion and a small number of Orthodox Christians (Tony 1994). China is a country dominated by ancient religious groups and beliefs like Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. Christianity has had a rough journey to reach the position it is today. It has had problems like the persecution of leaders and followers, harassment, physical and mental abuse. Christianity in China has been growing significantly since the loosening of restrictions on religion in 1970 within the republic. However, many religious practices are still controlled by the authorities. Christianity had been in China from the 7th century AD but it later disappeared for many years and then it was re-introduced. The Persian missionary who came to China during the Tang Dynasty were the first Christians to settle in China. Their Christianity which was referred to as Nestorian thrived for many years until the emperor then, implemented anti-religious measures in 845 AD. As a result of the measures, all foreign religions and traditions including Christianity were kicked out of China (Arnold 1889). During the 13th century, under the reign of Yuan dynasty, Christianity was re-introduced but it did not last for long as the Ming Dynasty overthrew the Yuan Dynasty in the 14th century leading to the expulsion of Christianity again. Later in the 16th century, after Jesuits arrived in Beijing, they introduced western learning and Christianity began to sink deep into the people of China. Although it had grown, it remained a minority group in China. Missionaries started flocking to China and brought in westernization. Christianity had a great deal of influence on the people of China and its teaching started to influence the Chinese people (Yeo 1998).  Ã‚  

The Challenges Faced By An Organisation

The Challenges Faced By An Organisation Organization is a place where number of people work with each other to achieved a mutual Goal and Management is interested in an organization mainly from an instrumental point of view. For a company, organization is a means to an end to achieve its goals, which are to create value for its stakeholders (stockholders, employees, customers, suppliers, community). Therefore Management behaviour can be describe in terms of structure Culture In which the relationship between management structure and culture and its effect on business performance should be analyze very carefully to sustain the Organization growth and its development. Now for improving organizations overall effectiveness is a constant key objective for all executives so that organization will benefit significantly through: -Increased productivity -Faster decision making -Less internal conflict Organizational effectiveness stems from the organization being able to do the things it   Needs to do with minimum use of resource. In fact not doing things that dont need to be done   is perhaps the single biggest contribution to becoming truly effective. Making Tasks simpler so there is less work, avoiding mistakes so that there is no rework, quality systems to get things done consistently, training to enable a task to be done quicker are all examples.   However,   the organisation doesnt   become more effective spontaneously.   It requires time,   effort, know  ­how   and will.   Individuals,   particularly those with management   responsibilities need to have the skills and competencies to analyse what is going on, to propose solutions to problems,   and implement the changes in the workplace and to have the confidence that   consistent   long-term improvement   is what   will make the organisation competitive.   If the gains in effectiveness are not to be eroded the whole process needs to be set in a culture of continuous improvement so that each improvement builds on its predecessors and is not lost just as easily as it was gained through apathy or through attention shifting elsewhere. Refer to the case study of Barclays banks when there is an acquisition with Lehman Brothers in September 2008 Barclays had to face number of hurdles and problems to overcome Organizational Behavior of the Lehman Brother but without an effective measures and decision making it would not be organized and successful acquisition so to understand the important part of Management theories for Organizational Behavior we have to understand effective management behavior that grouped into 6 management qualities. Values new Ideas: Effective Management can be through when we give importance and respect to new ideas present by the employees and give them rewards for this and let the employee try new, potentially better methods for an organizational growth. Values Others View: This includes Involve sub ordinates in important decisions, take time to listen and understand, provides feedback when subordinates shares ideas Appreciate Differences among others: Recognizes that individuals needs and abilities differ, Values the experiences and perspectives of people from diverse backgrounds 4) Takes Action to Solve Problems and Conflicts Takes steps to improve bad relationships, Takes action to resolve interpersonal conflicts, Finds win/win solutions, Learns from his/her mistakes, Sorts essential from unimportant information 5) Communicates Expectations Communicates what he/she expects to be accomplished, Provides understandable performance data 6) Principled Maintains consistency between words and actions, Models the behavior he/she expects from others, Recruits and promotes fairly regardless of race, gender, sexual orientation, or age The above mentioned 6 qualities are used to make an Organization effective. In case of Barclays Acquisition they started to implement this technique to boost the employee performance and to make them believe that they are still very attached with the organization and have a same respect as it was in Lehman Brothers. Barclays find out number of key organizational behavior issues with the acquisition like Integration, Organizational Culture of Both Barclays and Lehmans and Motivation. EXAMPLE REATED TO EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT U. S. Network Appliance Inc. (NetApp), founded in 1992, has been an industry leader in networked storage solutions. Since its inception, the founder of NetApp great importance for the development of a healthy work environment and friendly staff the company. Emphasis was placed on trust and integrity, team spirit and ambition to reach higher goals. The company had a policy of openness, flexible working hours and offer a host of other benefits for their employees. The company is employee-friendly policies have been recognized by leading magazines as one of the best places to work. For the year 2009, NetApp ranked first in the list of 100 Best Companies to Work For by Fortune magazine. In January 2009 ranked U. S. Network Appliance Inc. (NetApp), a leading solution for network storage company, No. 1 on the list of 100 Best Companies to Work For, Fortune magazine had 4. The position of the company significantly the 14 th in 2008 (see annex I for a list of 15 of the 100 Best Companies to Work For in 2009) improved. The list was compiled by Great Place to (TMP) for work on behalf Institute5 Fortune magazine. According to GPW NetApp is a serious matter. Serious about customer service to compete seriously with serious and that a large work area. In 2009, NetApp # 1 Best Company to Work for in America is was established after investigations GPW, the 528 companies with new jobs in 2008, replacing an increase of around 12% 0.7 With this, NetApp INC8 Google, which held the title for two consecutive years 2007 and 2008. Occasionally, Dan Warmenhoven, CEO of NetApp, We are delighted and honored to be in the top of the prestigious list of Fortune. Our employees are the heart of our society and the strength of our global culture. values of the culture that teamwork, productivity, leadership and innovation We help clients create more discoveries to retain the best talent and deliver superior returns for our shareholders. I am very proud of what we have achieved and what the value of our employees every day: a shared workspace successfully NetApp personnel policies on the welfare of employees. Policies on the development of healthy and motivated employees. AfterGwen McDonald (McDonald), Vice-president, Human Resources,NetApp, We are clear that our people are our cornerstone of our success is actually taught by our leaders, both in terms of what we say and do.. NetApp Management believes that customers who do business with the value proposition of the companys corporate culture is measured. When the culture was strong enough that customers would be attracted to be inclined to establish business relations with the company of others. Emphasizes this fact, NetApp staff about the unique culture of the educated workforce. NetApp staffs have always been motivated by the words of appreciation and were aware that they were valued in society. There were several awards and recognition programs structured to recognize the contributions of personnel in various areas. Among them was the share of rewards program, which involves an incentive program to encourage employees to share their knowledge. It is now clear that the importance of an effective organization. Say, if an organization is effective is not certain to survive in this era of competition, losing to determine the reason. Therefore, the organization ineffective. INEFFECTIVE ORGANIZATION Such an organization will be termed as effective organization as its members do not work for organizations goals. The behavioral approach establishes a direct relationship between integration of organizational and individual goals and organizational effectiveness. It should, however, be noted that organizational effectiveness is not the result only of integration of two goals, rather are a lot of other variables affecting it. But still we can say, that as human factor is one of them important and the only active factor integrating other factors in the organization. This analysis holds good from management of organization point of view. For example in an organization where number of employees compete with each other not in positive manners his could affect directly to the organization as if individuals are not align in a proper positive direction then the organization will definitely face a great Obstacles, Now to manage all this things we understand that human factor is one of the most important and viable factor to see within an organization and should be managed properly, As in the case study of Barclays we discussed in the class we have seen that how employees were managed because of their importance in their organization and to retain them and to make them happier how Barclays made strategies to cope up that situation of successful integration. So we have to closely analyze that what factors affect organizational effectiveness. OBSTACLES / FACTORS AFFECTING ORGANISATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS AND ITS PERFORMANCE: This is a very important and difficult task for the manager, who is analyzing the organization, is to identify the factors underlying organizational effectiveness. The major set of factors or variables that potentially have their influence on effectiveness are: 1. Organizational characteristics 2. Environmental characteristics 3. Employee characteristics 4. Managerial policies and practices. For example Barclays acquisition with Lehman brother would have definitely affect organization as above factors affect a lot as both companies have different Organizational Characteristic, Environmental characteristics, Employee characteristics and also Managerial policies and practices. Organizational characteristics which affect the effectiveness are of two types: 1. Organizational structure and 2. Technology Organizational structure influences the effectiveness in the following ways: Structure in terms of functional specialization, size centralization of decision making and even formalization is likely to increase productivity and efficiency. Job satisfaction of the employees is also related to the organizational structure, equitable division of work and delegation or authority and responsibility and proper direction are likely to generate the feeling of satisfaction among people at work. Technology and organizational structure are interrelated. The type of technology determines the nature and structure of Organization, Change of technology will require a lot of changes in the organization in the form of: a. Change in operation e.g. from labor-intensive to capital intensive b. Shifting of employees to either different departments within the same factory or to some other factory of the organization. c. Change in span of control d. Creating of new and winding up of the few departments. e. Change in them materials which are used f. Retraining and provision of more knowledge about the latest technology to the workers. If the organization fails to change the structure according to needs of technology, it will never prove to be effective. needs of technology and it will never prove to be effective. Environmental Characteristic Management should have experts who will suggest adjustments which are to be made in the organizational set up to comply with environmental changes. 1. External environment 2. Internal environment Employee Characteristics Human factor is the most important factor which influences the goal achievement of organizations. If there is a close integration among the individual and organizational goals, the organizational will be highly effective as explained in the behavioral approach to the effectiveness. If the organization, without compromising with its fundamental programmers and policies, could readjust to accommodate legitimate aspirations of the employees, In employees, it should do so the achieve effectiveness. In case there is a conflict between the individual and the group goals and the issued relate to the very existence of the organization, the organization will have to take a firm stand to deal with the situation. To help in achieving the effectiveness of the organization, the employees the effectiveness of the organization, the employees should have the following characteristics: a. They should be attracted towards and satisfied with the organization. b. They should be committed to the organization. c. Their motives, goals and needs should not be in conflict with the organizational goals. d. The employees should be able and knowledgeable. e. They should have their role clarity. f. The job turnover should be very low, if any. EFFECTIVENESS THROUGH ADAPTIVE COPING STYLE AND HOW THESE OBSTACLES OVERCOME: 1. Sensing of Change. The first basic stage in the cycle is the sensing of change in some part of the internal and external environment. Failure to perceive changes in the environment or incorrectly perceiving the changes is the major factor for the failure of the organization to cope with environment. The organizations should have effective Management Information System for effectively coping with the environment. 2. The second stage in the cycle is the import of relevant information about the change into those parts of the organization that can act upon it. However, it is very difficult to decide which imputes are to be taken from the environment and organizations often fail to perceive the relevant inputs, particularly the information. 3. Changing Conversation Process. Inputs are taken by the organization from the environment for further processing, this is known as the conversion process. The conversion process should be modified according to environmental requirements as indicated by the information. 4. Stabilizing Internal Changes. The fourth stage of the cycle is to stabilize the internal changes while taking care of undesired changes in related systems which have resulted from the desired changes. This is necessary because each sub system in the organization is dependent upon others and change in one may affect others but this effect may be positive or negative. 5. Exporting New Outputs. When the internal change is established, the organization becomes in a position to export new outputs which are in accordance with the environmental requirements. Some different and additional attempts may be required for exporting the new outputs. If the organization fails to adopt the new methods, it may become ineffective.. 6. Obtaining Feedback. The last stage in the cycle is the obtaining of feedback on the outcome of the changes for further sensing of the state of the external environment and the degree of integration of the internal environment. This stage is very much related with the first stage because process of sensing may be the same. Failure at any of these stages may result into ineffectiveness. A successful coping suggests that all of the stages must be successfully negotiated. Following are the major organizational conditions for effective coping: 1. The Organization must have a proper communication system through which reliable and valid information may be passed. 2. Enough internal flexibility should be there so that changes can be brought absorbed by the organization. 3. Successful coping requires integration and commitment to the organizational goals which provides willingness for change. There should be supportive internal climate which can support good communication, reduction in inflexibility and stimulation of self protection. The Most important factor that likely to determine the successful performance of work organizations is Organizational Culture There are four steps in the integration of organizational cultures in international expansions that result from mergers or acquisition The two groups have to establish the purpose, goal, and focus of their merger They have to develop mechanisms to identify the most important organizational structures and management roles They have to determine who has authority over the resources needed for getting things done They have to identify the expectations of all involved parties and facilitate communication between both departments and individuals in the structure Three aspects of organizational functioning that are important in determining MNC organizational culture The general relationship between the employees and their organization The hierarchical system of authority that defines the roles of managers and subordinates The general views that employees hold about the MNCs purpose, destiny, goals, and their places in them. Guideline to Overcome such diversity i.e. Culture in an organization Select team members for their task-related abilities Team members must recognize and be prepared to deal with their differences Team leader must help the group to identify and define its overall goal Members must have equal power so that everyone can participate in the process All members must have mutual respect for each other. Managers must give teams positive feedback on their process and output Example related to Cultural Environment: The company plays an important role in the success of the organization. A corporate culture helps to attract the best talent in the industry. The case describes the corporate culture of Google Inc. Google is one of the few companies that have successfully blended technological innovation with a strong corporate culture The case provides insight into the work environment, and recruitment process at Google. The case also provides insight into how Google fostered innovation among employees. The case ends with a critique of Googles organizational culture Google Inc. (Google) is considered one of the most successful Internet start-ups. In 2003, favorite search engines in the world was for their accuracy and speed in obtaining results. Apart from the technological advantage over its competitors, Google is successful because of its ability to attract and retain the best talents of these employees. And the process was possible thanks to Googles corporate culture. During the Internet bubble in late 1990, Google was the only company that does not suffer wear, while the experience of other employees of large tech companies had sales of 20-25% Googles corporate culture is legendary in Silicon Valley. Googlehas been a symbol of successful Internet companies. For many, the successful combination of company culture and technology in Silicon Valley. It is estimated that Google has succeeded because it had removed the unnecessary bureaucracy and hierarchy gave its engineers to work hands free. But not everyone in the culture of Google was impressed. Some think that Google could not complete support their growth with the current culture. It is believed that Google had exceeded its informal culture, and it would be informal, from now on, the confusion among employees and customers. In addition, Google also crucial for their establishment and the lack of unity of command at the highest level. Google founders Larry Page (Larry) and Sergey Bring (Sergio) graduated in computer science from Stanford in 1995. In January 1996, the work of Larry and Sergey in their project aims to extend the summer through a search engine. They wanted a technology that has provided the necessary information from the enormous amount of data available on the Internet to grow because of its ability to identify and analyze the links in its search engine Back Backrub which refers to a site particular. Backrub in 1997 had received great popularity due to its unique approach to solving the problems of Internet research. During the first half of 1998, Larry and Sergey were focused on perfecting his technique. To store large amounts of data, they bought a terabyte of disk storage (a billion bytes is a terabyte) at bargain prices. Larry dormitory use data Center while Sergey room via an office. So far, they knew your search technology best available technology and other. They began an active participation with potential partners in the Technology Licensing YourSearch Engine Research technology. Larry and Sergey contact lots of people plus friends and family. One of the people they got in contact with was David File , the creator of Yahoo, a leading portal2. File complimented them for the solid equipment they had build, although did not come into any contract among them. Instead, he motivate them to set up their own company After collecting another $ 1 million from family and friends, the office of Larry and Sergey, 7 opened in September 1998. California office was in the garage of a friends house in Menlo Park. The name of Google, but by an accident, said the companys mission and organize the data available on the Internet most of the selected type. The site is set www.google.com and operation of the duo their first employee Stanford colleague Craig Silverstein (Silverstein), later chief technology officer of Google. . Google has an informal work culture in the (home) Googolplex. Both Larry and Sergey wanted to make Google a great place to work. Because of their faith, the Googolplex, decorated with lava lamps and painted in bright colors of the Google logo (Refer Figure I for Google Logo). Googles have been allowed to bring pets in the workplace, and were willing even with snacks, lunch and dinner by a famous chef Charlie Ayers. The room was Googolplex Google snack cereals, gummy bears, cashew nuts and other snacks and fruit juices, soft drinks and cappuccino Sergey and Larry have also focused on hiring people with good humor. They have been personally involved in hiring. To attract major change in Google Top Ten Reasons to Google on its website (Refer Table II). Google has hired people with different abilities and characteristics (see Table III).When hiring, Google for its academic excellence, as in the class of SAT test scores and other graduates were needed. For an interview call from Google, a person must be a first class university .Google management should also encourage innovation and creativity in the workplace. Clear that to maintain growth, the company had come up with new products and features. However, the company had problems, these ideas are translated into successful products, knock. Silverstein said: Weve always had good ideas, but we had no good way to express or catch them. To resolve the problem, Google implemented an internal web site to pursue new ideas Many analysts believe that fluctuations in Googles zero percent during the dotcom boom, the evidence from tissue culture. But not everyone was convinced that Google was entitled to its work culture. They found that the company was to manage growth. A 12-hour day became the norm in the industry. Googles hiring process has been criticized by analysts. It was noted that Google is too narrow in its approach; it is displayed in the stands and graduate certificates of the candidates instead of experience. Commenting on the hiring process, said a Google, If youre already at Cisco for 20 years, who do not. But the government defended the contracting process say they have intelligence and reason more valuable than experience. Performance of the Organization can be sometimes seems to be very easy but actually it is not the case. So most of the important thing in any organization is to look for is Manpower Humanreource and the environment in which all the employees are working both internally and externally both have to analyze with an close eye to take any advancement in any decision making in an organization The changing nature of modern work organizations and attempt to challenge and criticize the validity of this statement. Yes, As now the Modern work environment changes a lot due to Global attraction and as the whole world is becoming a global village now one which is more effective organization will survive. In this era Mergers Acquisition, Technology Advancement, Outsourcing, Modern HR like Rewards, Incentive, Retention, Training and Development took place a far more level just take an any example in developed or developing nation these practices are very common especially in Banking Industries examples like Barclays and Lehman and for Technology now a days SAP is used every Organization to integrate all his regions, Departments, Supply Chain Customers now these practices are also common in developing nation like Pakistan, India, Bangladesh etc. Major Merger Acquisition 1990s Top 10 Merger Acquisition deals globally by value (in mil. USD) from 1990 to 1999: Category Year Buyer Purchased 1 1999 Vodafone Air touch PLC Mannesmann 2 1999 Pfizer Warner-Lambert 3 1998 Exxon Mobil 4 1998 Citicorp Travelers Group 5 1999 SBC Communications Ameritech Corporation 6 1999 Vodafone Group Air Touch Communications 7 1998 Bell Atlantic GTE 8 1998 BP Amoco 9 1999 Qwest Communications US WEST 10 1997 WorldCom MCI Communications 2000s Top 10 MA deals worldwide by value (in mil. USD) from 2000 to 2009: Category Year Buyer Purchased 1 2000 Fusion: America Online Inc. (AOL) Time Warner 2 2000 Glico Welcome Plc. SmithKline Beecham Plc. 3 2004 Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. Shell Transport Trading Co 4 2006 ATHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATTHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATTT Inc BellSouth Corporation 5 2001 Comcast Corporation ATHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATTHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATTT Broadband Internet Sacs 6 2009 Pfizer Inc. Wyeth 7 2000 Spin-off: Nortel Networks Corporation 8 2002 Pfizer Inc. Pharmacia Corporation 9 2004 JP Morgan Chase Co Banc One Corp 10 2008 Imbed Inc. Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc As shown in the above table it is clearly indicated the facts that the number of MA are increasing day by day so the organization who handle his Human resource well can lead in this race. Defining MWO (Modern Work Organization) Definitions of MWO usually need to be understood against its presumed antidote, i.e. the scientific management principles associated with the names of Frederick Winslow Taylor and Henry Ford. Using the categorization of Atkinson (1984), MWO is related to functional flexibility, rather than numerical or wage flexibility. Other terms which have been in use to describe the phenomenon include High Performance Work Organisation and High-Involvement management (cp. Besant 2003). Attila and Ylà ¶stalo (2002; 2005), in their research on Finland, talk about pro-active workplaces, key characteristics of which are that workers have increased possibilities to exert influence, and at the same time increased responsibility. A pro-active work organisation is simultaneously (a) able to implement new workplace practices within operational activities (for example semi-autonomous teams); (b) able to coordinate work across organisation (for example flat organisation or interaction) and (c) it has an active HRM policy as support and assistance (for example training). This is illustrated diagrammatically in Figure 1 (from BDL 2002). Systematic approach towards Modern Organization: Systematic approach is very useful for this modern era to make an organization effective make the work which is really want to be in the systematic manner. The Following are the systematic approaches which are used to be modern organization. -Way work is coordinated across the organisation -Way work is organized within operational activities -Supporting Human Resource Policies -Flatter Hierarchy -Information Flow -Team/Management Interaction -Semi-autonomous work teams -Investment in training -Reward Systems -Performance Measurement -Multi-skilling through Job Rotation Decentral organisational structures: Flat hierarchies and decentralization of decision-making (reduction of the number of management layers; fewer different functions, i.e. job enlargement; improved flow of information between shop floor and management); Semi-autonomous work teams; Process focus; Direct cooperation links with stakeholders (customers, business partners, public authorities, RD units etc.) at every hierarchic level; Corporate cultures which focus on people and learning: Systematic approach to skill acquisition (lifelong learning) with a focus on widening skills rather than simply adapting skills to changing functional requirements; Strong focus on soft skills such as communication skills, team-working, conflict management etc.; Wide participation in training, also involving less qualified members of staff; Innovative performance measurement reward schemes: Management by objectives (for teams and individuals); Financial and non-financial performance measures; Performance-related remuneration. While each of these components have been extensively dealt with in the management literature, evidence suggests that they provide the biggest benefit to companies if deployed in a systematic approach Impact on Workers: While decentralization of control is generally praised as an ideal means to achieve greater labor flexibility as well as higher motivation and (following from that) higher productivity, there are also risks involved. It is certain that increasing responsibility and self-control at all hierarchical levels tends to increase the work pressure as perceived by employees (Voß 1998, Gottschall Voß 2005; Cullen e

charant Character Changes in Sophocles Antigone :: Antigone essays

Character Changes in Antigone In Sophocles' Greek tragedy, Antigone, two characters undergo character changes. During the play the audience sees these two characters' attitudes change from close-minded to open-minded. It is their close-minded, stubborn attitudes, which lead to their decline in the play, and ultimately to a series of deaths. In the beginning Antigone is a close minded character who later becomes open minded. After the death of her brothers, Eteocles and Polyneices, Creon becomes the ruler of Thebes. He decides that Eteocles will receive a funeral with military honors because he fought for his country. However, Polyneices, who broke his exile to " spill the blood of his father and sell his own people into slavery", will have no burial. Antigone disagrees with Creon's unjust actions and says, " Creon is not strong enough to stand in my way." She vows to bury her brother so that his soul may gain the peace of the underworld. Antigone is torn between the law placed against burying her brother and her own thoughts of doing what she feels should be done for her family. Her intent is simply to give her brother, Polyneices, a proper burial so that she will follow "the laws of the gods." Antigone knows that she is in danger of being killed for her actions and she says, "I say that this crime is holy: I shall lie down with him in death, and I shall be as dear to him as he to me." Her own laws, or morals, drive her to break Creon's law placed against Polyneices burial. Even after she realizes that she will have to bury Polyneices without the help of her sister, Ismene, she says: Go away, Ismene: I shall be hating you soon, and the dead will too, For your words are hateful. Leave me my foolish plan: I am not afraid of the danger; if it means death, It will not be the worst of deaths-death without honor. Here Ismene is trying to reason with Antigone by saying that she cannot disobey the law because of the consequences. Antigone is close-minded when she immediately tells her to go away an d refuses to listen to her. Later in the play, Antigone is sorrowful for her actions and the consequences yet she is not regretful for her crime. She says her crime is just, yet she does regret being forced to commit it.

Personal Soundtrack Essay

You're goanna miss this Word of God Speak Cartoon Song Friends Good Morning He Said Where were you when the world stopped turning Outline She's got it all My Life: In a Nutshell exactly we want to be in 5, 10, or even 20 years. However, most of the time, those 5,10, and 20 year plans do not work out as we expected.We go through triumphs and tragedies; we grow and learn; and we eventually realize that what we have planned s probably going to change because we have changed. Over the course of my life, I have changed in a variety of ways and have overcame a number of challenges. Vive made plans for my life and most of them did not work out, but looking back, I wouldn't change a thing. As a young child going through elementary school, I had a similar life to most of my friends. I spent most of my time at daycare, church, or with my family.I loved playing sports, watching TV and movies, and going to school. I remember going to church twice a week, for Sunday services and Wednesday night p rograms. I loved the music at church, whether it was in Sunday school, holiday programs or Just regular church worship. Some of my favorite songs growing up were Veggie Tales' Hairbrush Song (94-95), and Away in the Manger (96-97). I'd sing these songs with my family, my friends, or even by myself because I loved to sing. At school, I didn't always fit in.I didn't wear name brand clothes or pretty dresses, ND I didn't have the popular school supplies or toys. However, like most kids, I always wanted to fit in. I was good at sports, so I was often one of the first picked at recess for kickball. I also did what I could to learn who the popular music artists were and what songs they sang. One of the songs I learned to help fit it was Bye, Bye, Bye by NCSC (98-99). My parents didn't like us listening to pop music, but learning this song helped me feel like I somewhat fit in at school.

The Causes and Consequences of Economical Disturbances in Turkey (as of 2002)

The Causes and Consequences of Economical Disturbances in Turkey (as of 2002) The Causes and Consequences of Economical Disturbances in TurkeyThe lands of Turkey are located at a point where the three continents making up the old world. Asia, Africa and Europe are closest to each other, and straddle the point where Europe and Asia meet. Geographically, the country is located in the northern half of the hemisphere at a point that is about halfway between the equator and the North Pole. Turkey is roughly rectangular in shape and is 1,660 kilometers wide.Because of its geographical location the mainland of Anatolia has always found favor throughout history, and is the birthplace of many great civilizations. It has also been prominent as a centre of commerce because of its land connections to three continents and the sea surrounding it on three sides.Today, Turkey has a free market economy oriented to Western markets. The share of agriculture in the economy is decreasing as industry and services continue to expand rapidly.Turkish 10 Lira note.In Turkey, 43 percent of all employed persons work in agriculture. However today, agriculture only contributes 18 percent of the gross national product. The country has undertaken economic reforms over the past 15 years that have reduced the government's role in the economy and permitted the private sector to thrive. An export-led growth strategy and free-market principles catapulted Turkey into the ranks of the fastest-growing economies in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) .Turkey's leadership, however, failed to complete the reform program that was initiated in the early 1980s. This has accelerated Turkey's economic problems in those days. Large public sector deficits and the high inflation still continue to hamper the economy. Turkey continues to examine ways to improve its investment climate through changes in its IPR Legislation and taxing policy. The Turkish privatization board continues to evaluate...

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Essay on The Beggining Essay on The Beggining Friday Writing 8/23/2013 Word count: 503 In the beginning, there was darkness. As the solar system developed a big, glowing fireball emulated light on earth where the almighty Hades lived. Hades was the strongest and most powerful god of all. But never, until the fireball in the sky the Sun he called it, lit up the world he lived on had he seen his habitat. Hades had the ability to be in god form or human form. All Hades could see was water. Nothing but water. â€Å"What if all of this water could be a habitat for something, as Earth, is a habitat for me?† At the lift of his arms and the mutter of â€Å"Let this water become home to thousands of species to both feed and survive off both the water, and one another!† Right as his arms reached their peak dolphins, fish, sharks, and whales began jumping out of the water. As Hades hovered above earth admiriing his work in the ocean a little clownfish, knowing Hades was always listening muttered â€Å"H H Hades I’d really like to see something other that ju st the Sun up in the sky† Again, with the raise of his arms, and a few muttered words birds, geese and ducks filled the sky making it look as though it was night time. Hades knew that the flying animals would need something to survive off of. So with the raise of his arms, first the ground, then the Trees, and flowers sprung out of the ground. As the jungles, and forests and praries grew themselves into place Hades had found yet more habitats perfect for survival. He raised his arms and along came monkeys, lions, tigers, bears, bees, ants, and horses. As Hades switched to man form he was asked by a pig one day why there wasn’t more of him in the world. Hades muttered your wish is my command as he pulled one of his ribs out and stuck

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Chinas One Child Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chinas One Child Policy - Essay Example In addition, second children are subject to birth spacing of three or four years. If more children are born in the family, this will result in fines. It is reported that most families are required to "pay economic penalties and cannot receive bonuses from the birth control program (One Child Policy 2)." Privileges are given to children in one child families one of which is lower payment. China's One Child Policy is in response to the high population growth during the 1970s when an average woman gave birth to six children. The large number of children becomes acceptable as "parents traditionally relied on a large number of offspring to provide an economic security blanket (Fong 1)." Another purpose of the initiative is to help the country "leapfrog from a Third-World economy to a First-World economy by mimicking the First World fertility and educational patterns." The One Child Policy has a great impact in China. The Taipei Times report that it leaves the country with a huge shortage of women. During 1982, China's gender ratio had stayed relatively normal with 100 girls for every 108 boys.

Denver art museum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Denver art museum - Essay Example One can easily identify that Swentzell inculcated the traditional pottery making process discovered by Santa Clara potters. In the Artwork, one can see a Tewa clown with a broken horn. He is fully immersed in the process of repairing his horn, which seems to be broken. The foreground of the work consists of colors like brown and grey. The background consists of shades of black and blue. The combination of brown and black, especially the black stripes helps the viewer to realize the importance of the process of repairing the broken horn. I like this figure because it gives due importance to traditional pottery making technology. II. Tipi, Standing Bear The Artwork Tipi (see appendix -2), by Standing Bear represents the nomadic lifestyle of Native American tribal people. The Tipi is a particular dwelling place which is made up of buffalo hides. Linda A. Holley states that â€Å"As cloth material became available in the early mid- nineteenth century, covers started to change† (31 ). Now, canvas is used to make tipi. In this artwork, Standing Bear made use of drawings to decorate the same. From the artwork, one can easily identify that the construction of a tipi is simple. For instance, a number of sticks are used to make the structure. But the drawing that can be seen on the outer surface is complicated. For instance, in the Artwork, one can see a number of horses and human beings.

Developing a Motivational Plan Essay Example for Free

Developing a Motivational Plan Essay A motivation plan for any school is extremely important for the success of any educational program. Students who are not motivated will not learn and in turn wont succeed. Many components should be included in a motivational plan so that all the needs of students are met and each student has goals that are attainable and can be reached. According to Hersey (2008), Goals should be set high enough that a person has to stretch to reach them but low enough that they can be attained. Goal setting, rewards, both tangible and non-tangible, and a sense of belonging are motivational components that should be included in a motivational plan. The first part of a motivational plan that I would feel essential for my school would be goal setting. At the current school that I work at, I feel like this is a missing part of our motivational plan and it greatly affects our students. Without goals, the students dont know what they are working towards, this creates confusion and a detachment from the meaning of education. Although some students may set personal goals, I feel like its important for there to be group goals so that the students can work together to achieve them and be more motivated. Goals should be set high, but not so high that students cant achieve them. Goals that are too high would do the opposite of motivate, it would create despair and students would give up eventually because they would know that their effort is not worthwhile. Setting goals that are attainable will motivate students and will give students the confidence that they need to continue their efforts in reaching additional goals. If students know that they can reach a goal, something that is attainable and reachable, theyll be more motivated to try so that they can have that feeling of accomplishment. Another important aspect of goal setting is that the goals are changed and updated frequently so that students constantly have something to work for. Once a student achieves a particular goal, the motivation will be gone unless they have something else to work towards, something else to motivate them. Hersey (2008) also supports this idea by stating, Once the child becomes proficient in attaining a particular goal, it becomes appropriate for the parent to provide an opportunity for the child to identify and set new goals. So, its my plan to work with the students to create attainable goals frequently so that students have constant motivation and something that they can always work towards. I believe that goal setting is a major component of any motivation plan and this will be the main focus behind mine. I feel that its extremely important that students have goals and something to work towards, otherwise there will be no motivation behind their actions. The second component of my motivation plan will be tangible and intangible rewards. Students will work towards something and be more motivated if they receive something in return. This is similar to why anyone get a job. They work hard and complete actions in order to receive the tangible reward of money and the intangible reward of accomplishment. Students are going to be more motivated and work harder if they will get something in return for their hard work, whether its intangible like a feeling, or tangible, like good grades or rewards. It is no surprise, then, that to improve academic achievement of middle school students, successful programs incorporate the social contexts for both intrinsic motivation and internalized extrinsic motivation (Wilson Corpus, 2001). Although studies have shown that extrinsic rewards are only beneficial short term and can be detrimental in long term situations, (Corpus Wilson, 2001), I believe that every now and then a tangible reward is needed and can result is a positive outcome and increased motivation. An example of this is a current motivational strategy that we use at my current school regarding awards for good grades, citizenship, and good attendance. Students get awards every semester for achieving milestones in these categories and I believe that it does increase student motivation. If a student is close to the end of the semester and has a B+ in one class, they will are motivated to raise that one grade in order to get the highest award presented to them in front of their parents, teachers, and students, since we do the award ceremony during the school day. I have personally seen the motivation that is created by these awards and I plan to include this in my motivational plan as well. Intangible awards can also be very successful in creating motivation and are more beneficial long term although short term effects may not be as common as with the tangible rewards. Students respond to intrinsic rewards like praise, self assurance, and accomplishment. There are, however, many intangible rewards, such as praise or power, that are just as important and effective for use as incentives when endeavoring to evoke a particular behavior (Hersey, 2008). To incorporate this into my plan I would like to see more praise for good behavior, as well as giving students more choices in the classroom. By giving students choices, they will feel more empowered by their choice and feel more accomplished when they achieve it, resulting in increase motivation. Finally, I would like to see a good sense of community and belonging in my school community. According to Glasser (1985), the five basic needs common to all people are the need for belonging, power, fun, freedom, and survival. With a sense of belonging, students will have more ownership over their behavior and will be more motivated to succeed. Its been my experience that students that are out-casts arent motivated to succeed because they have no reason to, no one to share their success with. The opposite would happen if students feel like they belong and have someone to share their motivation and success with. Overall, more than one component is important to any successful motivational plan. My plan will focus on goal setting, rewards, and a sense of belonging or community within my school. With these factors I hope that my students will be motivated to learn and become better students and people. Its my belief that although many factor are essential to a motivation plan, its crucial that goals are set so that students have something to work towards. Without a goal to work towards, students wont feel like they have a reason to be motivated. These are the components that will be included in my motivational plan for my future school.

The bioprocess of yogurt

The bioprocess of yogurt Abstract This report discusses the bioprocess of manufacturing yoghurt on an industrial scale. On a industrial scale the procedure for yoghurt production follows: preparation and standardization of milk, Pasteurization, homogenization, Cooling to incubation temperature for inoculation with starter culture, fermentation, post-fermentation treatment i.e. adding additive such as flavouring, fruit addition, refrigeration and packaging. In examining each step and identifying limitation, improvements in the general procedure have been suggested. Some improvements include; ensuring correct standardization of milk i.e. yoghurt standard contents are met, changes in technique used to alter fat content, effective heat treatments to kill off unwanted organisms, verification of fermentation process to give and starter culture used in inoculation provides high yields, handling is limited to avoid contamination of and damage to the final product. Introduction Yoghurt is one of the most popular dairy products consumed worldwide and is made principally on the bacterial fermentation of milk. The word is from the Turkish Yogen, meaning thick. Originating in the slopes of Mount Elbrus the discovery of yoghurt was by complete chance; when a Turkish nomads pitcher of milk was contaminated by some organism that thrived in warm milk. Since then yoghurt has been produced and consumed worldwide for at least 5 400 years and continues to be one of the most nutritious foods proving unique nutritional value to the consumer. Yoghurt is produced when a lactic acid bacterial starter culture is used to ferment the sugar Lactose found in milk to Lactic Acid which then acts on the protein to give yogurt its characteristic texture and form. Dairy yoghurt is produced using a mixed culture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus bacteria. Although the consistency, flavour and aroma may vary from one region to another, the basic ingredients and manufacturing process are essentially consistent. The general manufacturing procedure includes; Adjusting milk composition and addition of other ingredient to meet the required Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) in terms of fat and non-fat content. Pasteurization of milk to kill unwanted bacteria Homogenization of milk to ensure uniform composition Cooling of milk to optimum starter culture incubation temperature Fermentation of milk by addition of starter culture Addition of flavours and fruit Storage and packaging The implantation of this general manufacturing procedure is seen in the production of Yoplait yogurt (as seen in the flowchart below). Preparation of Milk In the production of yoghurt a variety of milk can be employed; whole fat, semi-skimmed milk or low fat milk, the type of milk used depends upon the type of yoghurt one intends to produce. However, one of the main importance when considering the type used is the absence of any material (disinfectant) or organisms that will hinder or prevent the growth of the starter organism, for example, bacteriophages which are a group of virus that can attack the starter organism causing extremely long periods of incubation (Moralee, 2002). When the milk arrives at the plant, its composition is altered before any further processing can be completed. This standardization process usually involves increasing the total solids content and decreasing the fat content. The fat content is reduced by a process termed centrifugation. Centrifugation is a separation process commonly used in the industrial treatment of milk. In this process the centrifugal force is utilized to separate insoluble from the liquids thereby resulting in the fat globules separating from the rest of the milk suspension. The milk should be kept at temperature of 40oC before entering the centrifuge (Costa Goomes, 2008). The lower the fat content the higher the lactose levels (Carpers, 2005) hence lowering the fat content will be beneficial when the milk later undergoes fermentation. Several methods can be used to raise the solid contents in milk; evaporation, addition of skim milk powder, addition of milk concentrates etc. In industrial yoghurt manufacturin g, the solids content of yogurt is often adjusted above the 8.25% minimum (Food and drug administration, 1999). Commonly the standard solids content is increase to 16% with 1-5% being fat and 11-14% being solid non-fat (SNF). Increasing the dry matter contents (solid non milk fat) not only improves the nutritional value of the yoghurt, but also provides a thicker, firmer and fuller bodied to the finshed yoghurt (Watson, 2004). Improvements Evaporation of milk prior to the fermentation process for concentrated milk (higher non-fat solid content) is utilized in order to give a better body and texture to the yoghurt. Due to the ever spiralling energy costs, the increase in cost of concentrating milk is becoming prohibitive ( Moralee, 2002). Consequently, larger manufacturing plants have begun replace the evaporation method with a new technique known as fortification. Fortification is the addition of dried milk solids to the base of milk prior to inoculation (Moralee, 2002). Several commercial yoghurt manufacturing plants are fortifying the base milk with a cocktail of milk and non milk solids (Smith, 2002). The addition of stabilizers may also be employed to improve the body of the yogurts as they increase the firmness and viscosity, preventing separation of the whey; liquid remaining after milk has been curdled, from the yoghurt, a problem know as syneresis (Watson dairy consulting, 2007). This is achieved through their ability to form gel structures in water and as a result leaving behind less free water for syneresis. Stabilizers are more important in yoghurt produced commercially as yoghurt mix has to be pumped, stirred, fruited and filled and will often break down to a runny liquid without the addition of stabilisers (Watson, 2004). The amount of beneficial stabilizers to be added to the yoghurt mixture is required to be determined simply through batch sampling experimentation by each manufacturer as Too much stabiliser and the yoghurt can take on a rubbery texture, far too much stabiliser and the yoghurt can become a hard solid mass (Moralee, 2002). Some stabilizers used in yoghurt manufacturing include gelatins, gums (locust bean, guar), pectins, and starch. Pasteurization Generally the fresh milk obtained from healthy animals is either beneficial or harmless, however, changes when improperly handled, or deterioration of the animals health can create conditions in which the bacteria are able to multiply. The large presence of unknown organisms in the raw milk would make the fermentation too unreliable and unpredictable for commercial operations (Csutak, 2005). Pasteurization is the process by which heat treatment to each particle of milk at relatively high temperature for a specified period of time is capable of killing off harmful bacteria for example pathogens, and improve the storage quality of milk by inactivating certain undesirable enzymes and spoilage bacteria (Watson 2007). Typical temperatures for milk pasteurization are 85-95oC for 20-30minutes (Smith 2002). This technique of heat treatment is also successful in achieving a more stable gel as it denatures the whey (serum) proteins. Furthermore, high heat treatment can also ensure little compe tition from spoilage organisms providing a much better environment for grown of starter organisms later in the process. It is important that the pasteurization of the milk occurs before addition of starter cultures as this ensures they act as prebiotics; remain active in yoghurt after fermentation (moralee, 2002). Improvements: Whilst pasteurization of the milk is effective in destroying microorganisms, improper handling after pasteurization can recontaminate the milk (Brock, 2005). Several safe handling practices can be employed such as sterilised equipment should be used, preferable stainless steel utensils as these are more easy to clean and durable, pure water streams should be utilize when cleansing to prevent any contamination, rapid cooling to approximately 5oC or less and storage in closed vessels before and after pasteurization to ensure unaltered quality and flavour of milk (Brock, 2005). Pasteurization can be a continuous or batch process, however, commercially it is better in continuous stirring vessels as this continuous agitation ensures every particle of milk including the foam receives the minimum heat treatment. The temperature within each vessel should be monitored with an accurate metal or glass thermometer (Smith P, 1981). Apart from utilising pasteurization, Ultra-high temperature (UHT) is another type of heat treatment that is currently being employed. In this type of processing organisms are destroyed destroy more effectively by heating the mixture for a shorter period of time, approximately 1-2 seconds, at an extremely high temperature exceeding 135oC (Dairy Science and Technology, 2007). UHT treatment essentially sterilizes the milk and allows it to be stored at room temperature for up to 8 weeks with out change in flavour (Brock, 2005). Homogenization In the commercial production of yoghurt milk is always virtually homogenize prior to fermentation in order to give a uniform product. Homogenization of milk aids in the prevention of cream that is, the fat from rising to the surface during the fermentation process. Using a homogenizer or viscolizer fat globules are broken down into much smaller and more evenly dispersed particles and subsequently producing a much smoother and creamier end product (Watson, 2007). When milk enters a homogenizer it is force through small orifices at extremely high pressures breaking down globules as a result of the high shearing forces and dispersing the fat evenly throughout the milk which prohibits the fat from rising to the top of the container (Steane, 2008). Milk mixtures are typically homogenized under pressures of 2000-2500 psi (Moralee, 2002). Additionally this process also prevents wheying off during the incubation and storage stage thus enhancing the stability and consistency of the yoghurt. O nce the homogenized mixture has been cooled to the optimum growth temperature, the starter culture is added. It is important for the mixture to be cooled to a typical temperature of approximately 45oC for inoculation as temperatures higher than this may kill off culture (Watson, 2007). Following the cooling of milk to a temperature of 40-45oC, the milk is inoculated with a fermentation culture. The main starter cultures for yoghurt production are Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. The function of the starter cultures is to ferment the lactose, sugars found in milk, to produce lactic acid. C12H22O11 + H2O ? 4 C3H6O3 Lactose Lactic Acid The increase in lactic acid production corresponds to a decrease in pH levels and causes the milk to clot, or form the soft gel curd that is characteristic of yogurt. The fermentation of lactose also produces flavour compounds, acetaldehyde, that are characteristic of yogurt. The lactic acid levels can be measured by simply performing a titration with sodium hydroxide. The current minimum standards for yoghurt manufacturing require a value of at least 0.9% acidity and a pH of about 4.4 (Food and drug administration, 1999). The fermented milk is typically incubated in large sealed vats in a temperature controlled environment, temperature is monitored carefully to maintain at a temperature optimum for starter culture growth. Inoculation typically occurs at a rate of 0.5-5% (Watson, 2007). When the desired acidity, that is pH level of about 4.4 is reached, rapid cooling to approximately 7 oC is effected in order to stop the fermentation process. It is vital to note that too long or too short a fermentation process will produce a product that is inferior in either its flavour or texture. Too long fermentation will give other organisms the change to become established, with the associated risks of off flavours and smells (Morale, 2002). In the commercial production of yoghurt, emphasis is not only on the fermentation ability but also on characteristics imparted by the lactic acid cultures. For satisfactory performance the starter culture must be capable of rapid acid production, flavouring of yoghurt, production o full body and texture yoghurt. The determination of whether the starter culture activity is satisfactory or not is determined by direct microscopic counts of culture slides stained with methylene blue (Smith, 2002). In doing so there is also the benefit of observing the physiological state of the cultured cells. The lactic starter culture used for yoghurt production is thermophillic has an optimum temperature of 42oC. The two cultures (Lactobacillus and streptococcus thermophillus) can be grown independently; however, there is a higher rate of acid production when used in together (mixed strain), that is that make use of each others metabolites in order to effect the acid production efficiency. Streptococc us thermophilus grows at a faster rate producing carbon dioxide and lactic acid. The formate along with the carbon dioxide stimulates the growth of Lactobacillus (Smith, 2002). During fermentation the yoghurt mixture coagulates when the pH level drops. The streptococci are responsible for the initial pH drop of the yogurt mix to approximately 5.0. The lactobacilli are responsible for a further decrease to pH 4.5 (Steane, 2008). Inoculation of lactic starter cultures with yoghurt milk produces lactic acid, acetaldehyde and acetic acid. Improvements- As mentioned above when selecting the type of milk used in manufacture of yoghurt it is important for the milk to possess a low bacteria count, be free from sanitizing chemicals, rancid milk and have no contamination by bacteriophages. Serious economic losses in the yoghurt industry have been attributed to phage attack (Smith, 2004). Accompanying the decrease in texture and flavour, bacteriophage attacks decreases the rate of acid production. Large scale manufacturers typically have laboratory facilities to check incoming milk to eliminate the possibilities of other starter inhibiting substances (Moralee, 2002), however, the presence of bacteriophages is always a risk. Large manufacturers Phage are usually found in the drains and floor gullies of a dairy producing any cultured product, poor hygiene and a lack of general housekeeping increase the risk (Dairy Science Technology, 2007). Thus in order to reduce the possibility of bacteriophage present strict sanitation procedures would e nsure prevention of phage attack (Smith, 2004). This include; hand-washing between each handling, sterile tanks, floors and bench surface. s Also, since the starter culture is one of the most critical ingredients in yoghurt manufacture synchronisation of rate of acid production and plant production schedules is extremely vital. For example, if frozen cultures are used then a longer incubation period of approximately 5 hours at 43oC is required for acid production (Smith 2002). Similarly as noted above, maintenance of temperature is extremely important for starter culture. This is because if the temperature of incubation is too low, culture grows at such a slow rate that it is unable to adequately acidify milk and to achieve a good texture vice versa if the temperature is too high the culture is killed. Traditionally, when the lactic acid starter culture is grown in a suitable medium, small quantities will be extracted to inoculate each new batch of yoghurt. This is commonly referred to as using bulk starter. However, due to the high risk of bacteriophage infections and the delay in time when each new batch is prepared, employment of bulk starter is becoming increasingly uncommon amongst commercial producers (Smith, 2002). A new technique referred to as DVI (Direct Vat Inoculation) is fast becoming the most preferred choice which involves inoculating the yoghurt mix directly with a very large number of freeze dried starter organisms (Watson,2007). Even though there may be a longer incubation time, relative immunity to phage attack makes this a more safe option for manufacturing plants to ensure production of yoghurt is efficient every time. The design of the container in which the fermentation process is carried out in can also improve the process. Commercially there has been a shift in design of cone bottom processers to facilitate the draining of relatively viscous fluids after incubation (Carpers, 2005). Critical step in the fermentation process is the maintenance of the optimum temperature for growth of starter cultures; hence well insulted incubation vats should be utilized. Addition of fruit and Packaging At this stage fruits and addition desired flavours may be added at or prior to filling preformed pots. Common additives include, fruit flavours, colouring agents, sweetening agents. Depending on the type of yoghurt, the above fermentation process may occur before this addition of fruit or after. For example, in set style yoghurt fruit is added to the bottom of the cup and inoculated yoghurt is poured over the top, the fermentation takes place within the cup. For stirred yoghurt, the fruit is blended with the cooled ferment yoghurt and yoghurt texture can be made smoother by pumping it through a cone before packaging (Moralee, 2002). The yoghurt is refrigerated until it is required for package and transportation. Conclusion- In undertaking an engineering analysis of the bioprocess of yoghurt and exploring each step carefully it can be seen that although yoghurt follows a general manufacturing procedure. The bioprocess of yoghurt production involves preparation of milk, followed by pasteurisation and homogenisation of the milk, cooling down period, then inoculation with a lactic acid bacterial starter culture to ferment the milk. Measurement of acid production measures the success in fermenting milk. Additions of fruit and other additives are added just prior to storage and packaging. The exploitation of the fact that milk contains the sugar lactose, and when undergoing fermentation with a starter culture produces lactic acid, allows observation of how yoghurt is produced. The production of yoghurt on an industrial scale requires great improvement in the handling of the mixture to ensure no contamination, choice of raw materials will greatly affect the final product, employing a successful method to obtai n a starter culture that is free from unwanted materials and operation in fermentation vats that give efficient outcomes. References Carpers S, 2005 , http://www.natmedtalk.com/nutrition/4933-lactose-higher-fat-content-lower-lactose.html, viewed 14/04/10 Driessen, F. M., Ubbels, J., and Stadhouders, J., Continuous manufacture of yogurt. I. Optimal conditions and kinetics of the prefermentation process, Biotech. Bioeng., 19, 821, 1977 Ed Excel Foundation, http://www.biotopics.co.uk/edexcel/biotechnol/yog.html, viewed on the 24/04/10). J Scott Smith Yiy Hui, 2002, Food processing: principles and applications, pg 297-319 John Watson, 2007, http://www.dairyconsultant.co.uk/si-yoghurt.php, viewed 13/04/10 Neil Moralee, 2002,http://www.cip.ukcentre.com/yogurt.htm, viewed 13/04/10 Savello, 1998, http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/5762989/description.html viewed 28/04/10 Tamime, A. Y. and Deeth, H. C. Yogurt: technology and biochemistry, J. Food Protection, 43, 939, 1980. Wang S, 2000, http://www.eng.umd.edu/~nsw/ench485/lab8.htm, viewed 28/04/10 Brock C, 2005, http://www.fcs.msue.msu.edu/ff/pdffiles/foodsafety2.pdf, viewed 25/04/10 Steane R, 2008, http://www.biotopics.co.uk/edexcel/biotechnol/yog.html, viewed 17/04/10